What is RSV?

1. 什么是RSV？ 1. What is RSV? 呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）是一种高度传染性的病毒，主要感染呼吸道。虽然多数人症状轻微（如流鼻涕、咳嗽、发烧），但对以下高风险人群可能导致严重并发症（如细支气管炎或肺炎）： Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a highly contagious virus that primarily infects the respiratory tract. Although most people have mild symptoms (e.g., runny nose, cough, fever), serious complications (e.g., bronchiolitis or pneumonia) can occur in people who are at high risk: 6个月以下婴儿（尤其是早产儿或有慢性疾病的婴儿）； Infants under 6 months of age (especially premature babies or those with chronic medical conditions); 60岁以上老年人（尤其患有心肺疾病或免疫力低下者）； Elderly people over 60 years old (especially those with heart and lung diseases or weakened immunity); 全球范围内，RSV每年导致约10万名5岁以下儿童死亡，其中多数发生在低收入国家。 Worldwide 2. RSV免疫产品的类型 2. Types of RSV immunization products 目前主要有两种预防策略： There are two main prevention strategies: A. 孕妇疫苗接种 A. Vaccination of pregnant women 目标人群：妊娠28~36周的孕妇，通过母体抗体保护婴儿； Target population: pregnant women at 28~36 weeks of gestation, protect their babies through maternal antibodies; 疫苗举例：辉瑞的Abrysvo®（RSVpreF）（2025年3月获WHO预认证）； Examples of vaccines: Pfizer's Abrysvo® (RSVpreF) (prequalified by the WHO in March 2025); 有效性：婴儿出生后6个月内因RSV住院的风险降低57%； Efficacy: 57% reduction in risk of hospitalization for RSV within 6 months of birth; 接种时间：RSV流行季前（如北半球为9月至次年1月）。 Timing of vaccination: pre-RSV season (e.g., September to January in the Northern Hemisphere). B. 婴儿单克隆抗体 B. Infant monoclonal antibodies 产品：尼塞韦单抗（Beyfortus®），单剂注射； Product: Nisevimab (Beyfortus®), single injection; 保护期：至少5个月，覆盖整个RSV流行季； Protection period: at least 5 months, covering the entire RSV season; 有效性：健康婴儿因RSV住院风险降低76.8%。 Efficacy: Healthy infants were 76.8% less likely to be hospitalized for RSV. C. 老年人疫苗 C. Vaccines for the elderly 可选疫苗： Vaccine Options: GSK的Arexvy®（RSVPreF3）（佐剂蛋白疫苗）； GSK's Arexvy® (RSVPreF3) (adjuvanted protein vaccine); 辉瑞的Abrysvo®（RSVpreF）； Pfizer's Abrysvo® (RSVpreF); Moderna的mRESVIA®（mRNA-1345）（mRNA疫苗）。 Moderna's mRESVIA® (mRNA-1345) (mRNA vaccine) 有效性：对严重下呼吸道疾病的保护率为67%~89%； Effectiveness: The protection rate against severe lower respiratory tract diseases is 67%~89%; 接种建议： Vaccination Recommendations: 75岁以上普遍接种； Universal vaccination for people over 75 years of age; 60~74岁高风险人群（如慢性心肺疾病患者）建议接种； It is recommended for high-risk groups aged 60~74 (such as patients with chronic cardiopulmonary diseases); 美国CDC近期建议50~59岁高风险成年人也可考虑接种。 The US CDC recently recommends that high-risk adults aged 50~59 can also consider vaccination. 3. 关键接种建议 3. Key vaccination recommendations 婴儿：选择孕妇疫苗接种或婴儿抗体注射（无需两者）； Infants: choose between pregnant women vaccination or infant antibody injection (no need for both); 老年人：75岁以上接种单剂，60~74岁根据风险决定； Elderly: over 75 years old to receive a single dose, 60~74 years old according to the risk; 时间：最好在RSV流行季前完成（如北半球8~10月）。 Time: It is best to complete it before the RSV epidemic season (such as August ~ October in the northern hemisphere). 4. 安全性与副作用 4. Safety and side effects 常见反应：注射部位疼痛、疲劳、头痛； Common reactions: pain at the injection site, fatigue, headache; 罕见风险： Rare Risks: 吉兰-巴雷综合征（GBS）：老年人中报告率约1~2例/10万剂次； Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS): the reporting rate in the elderly is about 1~2 cases/100,000 doses; 早产/子痫前期：孕妇接种后偶发，但因果关系未明确； Preterm birth/preeclampsia: sporadic occurrence in pregnant women after vaccination, but the causal relationship is not clear; 监测系统：美国VAERS和V-Safe持续跟踪不良反应。 Monitoring system: VAERS and V-Safe in the United States continue to track adverse reactions. 5. 全球影响 5. Global impact WHO强调低收入国家应优先推广RSV免疫（占婴儿死亡病例的97%）； WHO stresses that low-income countries should prioritize the rollout of RSV immunization (97% of infant deaths); 预测显示，RSV疫苗在2024–25年可减少美国2.93万例住院。 Projections show that the RSV vaccine could reduce 29,300 hospitalizations in the United States in 2024–25. 总结 summary RSV疫苗为高风险人群（如婴儿、老年人）提供了重要保护。目前策略包括孕妇疫苗、婴儿抗体和老年人疫苗，需根据年龄和健康状况选择。更多信息可参考世界卫生组织或美国CDC指南。 RSV vaccines provide important protection for high-risk populations (e.g., infants, older adults). Current strategies include vaccines for pregnant women, antibodies for infants, and vaccines for the elderly, depending on age and health status. More information can be found in the World Health Organization or CDC guidelines. What is CDC? The CDC stands for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the national public health agency of the United States. It is a federal agency under the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. Disease Prevention & Control – Monitors and responds to infectious diseases (e.g., COVID-19, flu, HIV) and chronic conditions (e.g., diabetes, heart disease). Public Health Research – Conducts studies to understand health risks and improve medical guidelines. Emergency Preparedness – Leads responses to outbreaks, bioterrorism threats, and natural disasters. Health Education – Provides guidelines on vaccinations, food safety, workplace health, and travel safety.