Monday, July 7, 2025

In Sanskrit grammar, the plural of sūtra (सूत्र)

In all vertions of Ananda Sutra, 1-21 written in: Bhumavyapte mahatiaham cittayorpranashe sagunasthitih savikapalsamadhih va. i think should be written in " Bhumavyaptemahat Ahamcittayorpranashe sagunasthitih savikalpa samadhih va. Because "sutra" is neuter. So the singular term for "sutra" is "sutram" also as a object. dual type is "sutre", and plural type is "sutrani"; so "Ananda Sutra" should be in "Ananda Sutram" and also as object. In Sanskrit grammar, the plural of sūtra (सूत्र) is: ➡️ sūtrāṇi (सूत्राणि) — in the nominative plural neuter. Explanation: sūtra is a neuter noun (it literally means “thread” or “aphoristic rule”). Neuter nouns in -a in Sanskrit (like deva → devāḥ for masculine, but sūtra is neuter) have: singular: sūtram dual: sūtre plural: sūtrāṇi So for example: ekam sūtram — one sūtra dve sūtre — two sūtras bahūni sūtrāṇi — many sūtras What's the difference between dual and plural? Good question — and it’s an important distinction in Sanskrit grammar! In Sanskrit, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and verbs inflect not just for singular and plural (as in English), but also for dual. Here’s the difference: Number Meaning Example Singular (ekavacana) Refers to one item «devaḥ» — one god Dual (dvivacana) Refers to exactly two items «devau» — two gods Plural (bahuvacana) Refers to more than two items (three or more) «devāḥ» — gods (three or more) Why does Sanskrit have a dual? Sanskrit (like ancient Greek and a few other Indo-European languages) preserved the ancient dual number, which specifically marks two things. For example: mātā-pitarau — “the two parents” (mother & father) nayanē — “the two eyes” In English, we just say “parents” or “eyes” regardless of whether we’re thinking of two or more, but Sanskrit distinguishes. On verbs: The verb endings also reflect this number: singular: गच्छति (gacchati) — he/she/it goes dual: गच्छतः (gacchataḥ) — the two go plural: गच्छन्ति (gacchanti) — they (3+) go So the dual is used only when the subject (or object) is exactly two. The plural is used when the subject (or object) is more than two.

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